Explain C printf pointers and memory layout

You are given the following C code:

const char *c = "12345";

Answer the following (assume a typical modern 64-bit Linux/macOS environment with GCC/Clang, except where behavior is undefined or implementation-defined):

1. For each item below, what is it meant to print, and what actually occurs?
   • printf("%s", c);
   • printf("%d", c);
   • printf("%c", c);
   • printf("%c", *c);
   • printf("%c", *(c+1));
   • What is the proper way to print the address held in c?
2. Explain how you would use gdb/lldb to examine:
   • the value of c (as an address)
   • the bytes located at that address
   • the string beginning at that address
3. Memory and allocation fundamentals:
   • Compare malloc/free with new/delete in C/C++ (initialization, constructors/destructors, type safety, failure behavior, arrays, etc.).
   • Describe what usually resides in the stack, heap, data/BSS, and text (code) segments. Where does a string literal such as "12345" usually reside? Overview: This question tests understanding of C pointer semantics, printf format-specifier behavior, memory layout and allocation differences, and practical debugger use for inspecting addresses and bytes, within the Software Engineering Fundamentals domain.