Design a Highly Available URL Shortener

Build a production-grade URL shortening service. Clients can submit a long URL and receive a short code, and clients can later present a short code to be redirected to the original URL. The mapping must be deterministic: submitting the same long URL multiple times, including concurrent requests, must return the same code. At the same time, each short code must be associated with at most one original URL. The service must handle a large number of redirects with low latency,…